Page 115; Papers of the Continental Congress

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    • make a column of figure[s] from 1 to 27 / take any word & form as many / columns as there are letters in it /beginning the first column opposite /to 1 with the first letter of the word /[then?] 2 with the second letter & so on /The consonants j & v are to be placed /after their respective vowels and /& is to be added to make the alpha- /bet 27. For example let For be the /key word.
    • the alphabet beginning the first with the letter j the second with / the letter o, the 3d. with the letter h & the 4th with letter n. The conso-
    • f o r
    • a new cypher take ????? for example John form? four columns of
    • make a column of figures from 1 to 27 then
    • nants j and n are to be placed after their re / spective vowels i & u and & is to be added / to make the alphabet 27.

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How to make a cipher table according to James Lovell's polyalphabetic substitution system. Tables for keywords John (upper-left) and FOR (lower-right) are shown. When a cipher table is ready, plaintext letters are enciphered into numbers by using each column in turn. For example, to encipher PEACE with keyword FOR, the first letter P is looked up in the first column, which gives number 11. Then, the second letter E is looked up in the second column, which now gives number 18. The cipher for A, looked up in the third column, is 11. Next, the first column is used again to look up C, resulting in 25. The last E is encphered as 18, using the second column. Thus, PEACE is enciphered as 11 18 11 25 18. A sample sheet eciphered with this system is shown on Page 111 of this roll (Roll 72), in which the sequence "11 18 11 25 18" appears at the end.

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Official records of the original colonies and the early United States. The First Continental Congress (1774) addressed "intolerable acts" by the British. The Second Continental Congress (1775-1781) created the Declaration of Independence and the first national government. The Congress of the Confederation (1781-1789) followed. Read important papers, letters, treaties, and reports--famous and obscure--relating to the formation of the new nation, as penned by the founding fathers.

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